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  Join our Telegram Group ;- GroveStudies                 Angiosperms  The seeds are unclosed in fruits.  Smallest Wolffia to tall or Eucalyptus ( over 100 meters).  The dicotyledons are characterised by seeds having two cotyledons, reticulate venations in leaves, and tetramerous or pintamerous flowers, i.e, having four or five members in each floral whorls.  The monocotyledons on the other hand are characterised is single cotyledons seeds, parallel venation in leaves, & trimerous flowers having three members in each floral whorls.  Each ovule has a megaspores mother cell that undergoes meiosis to form four haploid megaspores. Three of then degenerate and one divide to from the embryo sac. Each embryo – sac has a three – called egg apparatus – one egg cell & two synergids, three antipodal cells and two polar nuclei.  one of the male gamete fuses with the egg cell (syngamy) to from a zygote.  Produces the triploid primary endosperm nucleus (PEN). Because of th

                   Gymnosperms :-   The gymnosperms (gymno ; Naked , Sperma ; seeds ) are plants in which the ovules are not enclosed by any ovary walls & remain exposed.  • The giant redwood free sequoia is one of the tallest trace species.  • Mycorrhiza (Pinus).  • (Cycas) small specialised roots called coralloid roots.  • Stems are unbranched ( cycas ) or branched ( pInus, Cedrus).  The leaves may be simple or compound. In cycas the pinnate leaves persist for a few years .  • The leaves in gymnosperms are well- adopted to withstand extrems of tempreture, humidity and wind. In conifers , the needle – like leaves reduce the surface area. Their thick cuticle & sunken stomata also helps to reduces water loss.  • The gymnosperms are heterosperes , they produce haploid microsproes and megaspores.  • The males or female cones or strobli may be borone on the same tree ( Pinus). However, in cycas male cones and megasporophylls are borone on different trees.  • The megaspore

                     Pteridophytes :-  The pteridophytes include horsetails and ferns.  • The first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissue – xylem and phloem.  • In bryophytes the dominant phase in the life cycle is the gamethophytic plant body. However. In pteridophytes , the main plant body is a sporophytes.  • in forns.  • Distinct compact structures called strobli or cones (Selaginella, Equisetum).  • Inconspious , small bet multicellular. • Free – living mostly photosynthetic thalloid gametophytes called prothallus.  • Need for water for fertillisation.  • Fussion of male gamete with an egg present in archegonium result in the formation of zygotes.  • Selaginella and Salvinia which produce two kinds of spores, macro (large) and micro (small) spores, are known and Heterospores . The Female gametophytes in these plants are retained on the parents sporophytes for variable periods. The developments of the zygote into young embryo take place within in the female gameto

                          Bryophytes  • Bryophytes include the various mosses and liverworts that are found commonly growing in the most shaded area in hills.  It is also called Amphibians of the plant kingdom.   Water for sexual reproduction.   It plays important role in plant succession on bare rocks / soils.   Root – like, leaf – like or stem – like structure.   \the male sex organ is called antheridium. They produce biflagellated antherzoids. The female sex organ archegonium is flask – shaped produces a single eggs.   Zygote do not undergo reduction division immediately.   Species of Sphagnum, a moss , provide peat.   Mosses along with lichens one the first organisms to colonise rocks.   Great ecological importance.   Reduce the impact of falling rain and prevent soil erosion.   The Bryophytes are divided into liverworts and mosses.  Liverworts :-  • The plant body of a liverworts is thalloid. Eg, Marchantia.  • Gemmae are green , multicellular , asexual bud

Join our Telegram Group:- GroveStudies                      ALGAE Algae are chlorophyll bearing simple thalloid autotrophic and large aquatic both freshwater and marine. ✓ Fungii lichens and animal examples sloth bear. ✓ colonial form like wall wax and the filamentous form like you ulothrix and spirogyra. • asexual reproduction is a production of different type of sports the most common being the zoospores.  • they are flagellated motile. • flagellated and similar in size as ulothrix aur non flagellated non motile but similar in size as spirogyra. such reproduction is called Isogamous. Fusion of gametes dissimilar in size as in species of you Eudornia is termed as angiosperms. • fusion between one large non motile Static female gamete and smaller motile male gamete is termed to oogamous. example volvax and fucus.  • at least half of the total carbon dioxide fixation on the earth is carried out by algae is through the photosynthesis. photosynthetic the increase that level of dissolved o

Join our Telegram Group:- GroveStudies                     PLANT KINGDOM In the biological classification we looked at the broad classification of living organisms under the system proposed by Whittaker 1969. Which suggested the five kingdom.  • algae ,bryophytes, pteridophytes ,gymnosperms and angiosperms under plantae . ✓ gross superficial morphological based mananiy on vegetative characters on the the roecium structure system given by Linnaeus such system are artificial.  ✓ artificial system are gave equal weightages to vegetative and sexual characteristics this is not capable since we know that often the vegetative characters are more easily affected by environments. ✓  external features but also internal features like ultra structure anatomy embryology and phytochemistry such as classification for flowering plants was given by George Bentham and Joseph delton hooker. ✓ phylogenetic classification system based on evolutionary relationship. ✓ same taxa having a common and ancestors

 Join our Telegram Group:- Grove Studies Prash:        KINGDOM PLANTAE • Kingdom plantae includes all eukaryotic chlorophyll containing that are multicellular and their cells lack cell walls. • heterotrophic such as insectivorous plants are parasites bladder worst and Venus fly trap are example of insectivorous and cuscuta is a parasite. • the length of haploid and diploid phase and whether these phases are free living or dependent on others vary among different group in plants the phenomena is called alternation of generation.         KINGDOM ANIMALIA The Kingdom is characterized by heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular and their cells lack cell walls.  • food reserve as glycogen or fat. • elaborate sensory and neuromotor mechanism most of them are capable of locomotion.