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Join Our Telegram Group:- GroveStudies ©™                  Kingdom Animalia Classification also helps in Assigning a systematic position. Basis of Classification :- Arrangement of cells , body symmetry , nature of coelom, pattern of digestive , circulatory or reproductive systems. Levels of Organisation :- Through all members of Animalia are multicellular all of them do not exhibit the same pattern of organization of cells. For example , in sponges,. They exhibit cellular levels of organization. In coelenterates , the arrangements of cells is more complex. The cells performing the same functions are arranged into tissues, hence is called tissue level . Organ level is exhibit by members of Platyhelmanthes. Annelids , Arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms and Chordates.  The digestive system in Platyhalmanthes has only a single opening to the outside of the body that serves as both mouth and anus, and hence is called incomplete. A complete digestive systems has two openings, mouth a

  Join our Telegram Group ;- GroveStudies                 Angiosperms  The seeds are unclosed in fruits.  Smallest Wolffia to tall or Eucalyptus ( over 100 meters).  The dicotyledons are characterised by seeds having two cotyledons, reticulate venations in leaves, and tetramerous or pintamerous flowers, i.e, having four or five members in each floral whorls.  The monocotyledons on the other hand are characterised is single cotyledons seeds, parallel venation in leaves, & trimerous flowers having three members in each floral whorls.  Each ovule has a megaspores mother cell that undergoes meiosis to form four haploid megaspores. Three of then degenerate and one divide to from the embryo sac. Each embryo – sac has a three – called egg apparatus – one egg cell & two synergids, three antipodal cells and two polar nuclei.  one of the male gamete fuses with the egg cell (syngamy) to from a zygote.  Produces the triploid primary endosperm nucleus (PEN). Because of th

                   Gymnosperms :-   The gymnosperms (gymno ; Naked , Sperma ; seeds ) are plants in which the ovules are not enclosed by any ovary walls & remain exposed.  • The giant redwood free sequoia is one of the tallest trace species.  • Mycorrhiza (Pinus).  • (Cycas) small specialised roots called coralloid roots.  • Stems are unbranched ( cycas ) or branched ( pInus, Cedrus).  The leaves may be simple or compound. In cycas the pinnate leaves persist for a few years .  • The leaves in gymnosperms are well- adopted to withstand extrems of tempreture, humidity and wind. In conifers , the needle – like leaves reduce the surface area. Their thick cuticle & sunken stomata also helps to reduces water loss.  • The gymnosperms are heterosperes , they produce haploid microsproes and megaspores.  • The males or female cones or strobli may be borone on the same tree ( Pinus). However, in cycas male cones and megasporophylls are borone on different trees.  • The megaspore

                     Pteridophytes :-  The pteridophytes include horsetails and ferns.  • The first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissue – xylem and phloem.  • In bryophytes the dominant phase in the life cycle is the gamethophytic plant body. However. In pteridophytes , the main plant body is a sporophytes.  • in forns.  • Distinct compact structures called strobli or cones (Selaginella, Equisetum).  • Inconspious , small bet multicellular. • Free – living mostly photosynthetic thalloid gametophytes called prothallus.  • Need for water for fertillisation.  • Fussion of male gamete with an egg present in archegonium result in the formation of zygotes.  • Selaginella and Salvinia which produce two kinds of spores, macro (large) and micro (small) spores, are known and Heterospores . The Female gametophytes in these plants are retained on the parents sporophytes for variable periods. The developments of the zygote into young embryo take place within in the female gameto

                          Bryophytes  • Bryophytes include the various mosses and liverworts that are found commonly growing in the most shaded area in hills.  It is also called Amphibians of the plant kingdom.   Water for sexual reproduction.   It plays important role in plant succession on bare rocks / soils.   Root – like, leaf – like or stem – like structure.   \the male sex organ is called antheridium. They produce biflagellated antherzoids. The female sex organ archegonium is flask – shaped produces a single eggs.   Zygote do not undergo reduction division immediately.   Species of Sphagnum, a moss , provide peat.   Mosses along with lichens one the first organisms to colonise rocks.   Great ecological importance.   Reduce the impact of falling rain and prevent soil erosion.   The Bryophytes are divided into liverworts and mosses.  Liverworts :-  • The plant body of a liverworts is thalloid. Eg, Marchantia.  • Gemmae are green , multicellular , asexual bud

                          CHLOROPHYCEAE The members of chlorophyceae are commonly called green algae. ✓ discoid , plate like, reticulate Cup shaped in different species. ✓ storage body is called pyrenoids located in the chloroplast. Pyranoids contain protein besides starch. ✓ inner layer of cellulose and outer layer of pectose.                     PHYAECOPHYEAE   The members of phyaecophyeae are Blue Algae are found primarily in Marine habitats. • chlorophyll A • Xanthophyll pigment , Fucoxanthin. • form an Laminarin or Mannitol.  • Gelatinous coating of Algin.  • Hold fast and haas a Stalk the stipe and leaf like photosynthesic organ fronds. • Asexual reproduction in Most brown algae is by bioflagellated zoospores.  • Porioform ( Pear - Shaped )  • Ectocarpus , Dictyota , Laminaria, Saragassum & Fuccus.                         RHODOPHYCAE    • The members of rhodophycae are commonly called red Algae.  • because of predominace of the red pigment, r – phycoerythrin in the body.

Join our Telegram Group:- GroveStudies                     PLANT KINGDOM In the biological classification we looked at the broad classification of living organisms under the system proposed by Whittaker 1969. Which suggested the five kingdom.  • algae ,bryophytes, pteridophytes ,gymnosperms and angiosperms under plantae . ✓ gross superficial morphological based mananiy on vegetative characters on the the roecium structure system given by Linnaeus such system are artificial.  ✓ artificial system are gave equal weightages to vegetative and sexual characteristics this is not capable since we know that often the vegetative characters are more easily affected by environments. ✓  external features but also internal features like ultra structure anatomy embryology and phytochemistry such as classification for flowering plants was given by George Bentham and Joseph delton hooker. ✓ phylogenetic classification system based on evolutionary relationship. ✓ same taxa having a common and ancestors

Join Our Telegram Group:- GroveStudies   VIRUS ,VIROIDS PRIONS AND LICHENS In the five kingdom classification of whittaker there is known as mention of lichen and some a cellular organisms virus,viroids and prions. The virus are non cellular organisms that are characterized by having an in insert crystalline structure outside the living cell. The name virus that means venom or poisonous fluid was given by of the the Dimitri Ivanocosky 1892 recognise certain microbes as casual organisms of the the mosaic disease of tobacco. These were found to be smaller than bacteria because they are passed through bacteria proof filter. M.W. Beijerinek 1898 demonstrated that the the extract of the infected plants of tobacco could cause infection in healthy plants and called the fluids of contagium vivum fluidum (infectious living fluids).  W.M. Stanley 1935 show that virus could be crystalline and crystals consists lajari of proteins. • virus are obligate parasite. • viruses are contains genetic mate

Join our Telegram Group :- GroveStudies                 KINGDOM FUNGI  Unique Kingdom of heterotrophic organisms. * Great diversity in morphology and habitat. * Antibiotic "Penicillium". * Slender thread like structure called hyphae. * The network of hyphae is known as mycelium. * The cell walls of fungi are composed of chitin and polysaccharides.  * Most of Punjabi are heterotrophs peak and observe soluble organic matter from dead substrate and hence are called saprophytes. * Reproduction each function can take place by vegetative means fragmentation fission and budding. * A sexual reproduction called cornelia and sporangiospore or zoospores , and sexual reproduction by oospores , ascospores and basidospores. The various sports are produced in distinct structure called fruiting bodies. The sexual cycle involves the three steps :-  a. Fusion is protoplasm between two motile or nonmotile gametes called plasogamy.  b. Fusion of two nuclei is called karyogamy. c. Meiosis in zi

Join Our Telegram :-.  GroveStudies          KINGDOM PROTISTA * all single celled eukaryotic are place under protista. * Chrysophytes, dinoflagellates, euglenoids , slime moulds, and protozoa under protista. * Member of protista primarily aquatic. * The Kingdom from a link with the others dealing with plants, animals and fungi.             CHRYSOPHYTES * the group include diatoms and golden algae (dismids). * Microscope and float passively in water current (plankton). * The diatoms the cell walls from the two thin overlapping shells, which fit together as in a shop box. * Accumulation over billions of year is referred to as "diatomaceous Earth".  * Being gritty this soil is used in polishing filtration of soil and syrups. * Are the chief production in the oceans.         DINOFLAGELLATES  Marine and photosynthetic.  * The cell wall has stiff cellulose plates on the outer surface. * Two flagella one lies longitudinally and the other transversely enough Arrow between the wall p

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