Water and Its Basic Properties

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Water 


water, a substance composed of the chemical elements hydrogen and oxygen and existing in gaseous, liquid, and solid states. It is one of the most plentiful and essential of compounds. A tasteless and odourless ( without a smell) liquid at room temperature, it has the important ability to dissolve many other substances. 

Melting point: 0 °C 

Density: 997 kg/m³

Formula: H₂O

Boiling point: 100 °C

Molar mass: 18.01528 g/mol

IUPAC ID: Oxidane Water

Properties of water

Water is an important component of our body. It constitutes about 65 % of the total body mass. Most of the reaction in the cell is carried out in aqueous medium (water).

Water is made up of oxygen and two hydrogen atoms. 

Oxygen has a tendency to pull the electron towards itself. 

Due to this a dipole (a pair of equal and oppositely charged or magnetized poles separated by a distance) is created in which each water molecule is surrounded by four other water molecules.

Properties:

Melting point 
Boiling points
High heat of vaporization


Each hydrogen atom of a water molecule shares an electron pair with the central oxygen atom.
similar to the sp3 bonding orbitals of carbon.

These orbitals describe a rough tetrahedron, with a hydrogen atom at each of two corners and unshared electron pairs at the other two corners.
The hydrogen bond in water is a dynamic attraction between neighboring water molecules involving one hydrogen atom located between the two oxygen atoms. Hydrogen bonding forms in liquid water as the hydrogen atoms of one water molecule are attracted towards the oxygen atom of a neighboring water molecule.



Water (H. 2O) is a simple triatomic bent molecule  and bond angle of 104.5° between the central oxygen atom and the hydrogen atoms.
slightly less than the 109.5_ of a perfect tetrahedron because of crowding by the
non bonding orbitals of the oxygen atom.


Water has a higher specific heat. 

High dielectric constant: a physical property reflecting the number of dipoles in a solvent. (2 electric dipole).

High density:
Water expand when it freezes whereas almost all other substance contracton cooling and freezing. This is why pipe burst when available inside them freezes.

Ice floats because it is less density than water.

• Water has a density of 1.0 gm/cubic cm.

• The density of ice is 0.931 gm/cubic cm.

The hydrogen bonds that form when water freezes into ice allow the molecules to be spaced farther apart,
making them take more spaces, decreasing the overall density and making it float in the water. The water
molecules in ice take up about 9% more space than liquid water, which means ice is about 9% less dense than water.

Selected physical properties of water

molar mass 18.0151 grams per mole
melting point 0.00 °C
boiling point 100.00 °C
density (25 °C) 0.99701 grams per cubic centimetre
heat of vaporization (100 °C) 40.65 kilojoules per mole
heat of formation (25 °C) −285.85 kilojoules per mole
viscosity (गाढ़ापन) 0.8903 centipoise
surface tension (25 °C) 71.97 dynes per centimeter
Specific heat 4.184 KJ/Kg

Water as a universal solvent:



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