Here are the filled blanks for the questions you provided:
Causal organism of powdery mildew of mango: Oidium mangiferae
Causal organism of leaf spot of rose: Diplocarpon rosae
Causal organism of rust of wheat: Puccinia triticina
Name of bacterial disease: Fire blight
SECTION-B
A Write the disease symptom of red rot.
B Define fungi
Fungi are a diverse group of organisms belonging to the kingdom Fungi, which includes about 144,000 known species. They encompass various organisms such as yeasts, mildews, molds, and mushrooms. Fungi are eukaryotic, meaning they have cells with a nucleus enclosed within membranes. They reproduce through spores and often have a rigid cell wall made of chitin. The scientific study of fungi is known as mycology.
C Draw the disease cycle of potato.
D. Mention the symptoms of black rust
Black rust is a plant disease that affects crops like wheat. The symptoms of black rust include:
1. Reddish-brown pustules on the wheat stem that turn black as they decay.
2. Severe grain shriveling.
3. Masses of pustules on leaves and stems containing brick red spores.
4. Symptoms are produced on almost all aerial parts of the wheat plant, but are most common on the stem, leaf sheaths, and upper and lower leaves.
These symptoms can have a significant impact on the health and yield of wheat crops. If you need more information or have any other questions, feel free to ask!
E Write about albugo candida.
A - Albugo candida is a plant pathogen known as the white rust fungus. Here are some key points about Albugo candida:
Classification: Albugo candida belongs to the Oomycota phylum, which are fungus-like organisms often referred to as water molds.
Hosts: It infects a wide range of plants, including cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage, broccoli, and radish.
Symptoms: Infected plants show white, powdery pustules on the leaves, stems, and other parts. These pustules contain spores and can lead to yellowing and wilting of the plant.
Life Cycle: Albugo candida has a complex life cycle involving both sexual and asexual reproduction. It produces spores that can spread through wind, water, and contact.
Disease Spread: The white rust fungus can survive in plant debris and soil for extended periods, contributing to its ability to infect new plantings.
Management: Controlling Albugo candida involves practices such as crop rotation, planting resistant varieties, managing humidity levels, and using fungicides if necessary.
Impact: Severe infections of Albugo candida can lead to reduced yields and quality of crops, making it a concern for farmers and gardeners.
Research: Scientists continue to study Albugo candida to understand its biology, genetics, and interactions with host plants in order to develop better strategies for disease management.
PGive the symptoms of leaf curling in chilli.
SECTION-C (ATTEMPT ANY ONE PART FROM EACH QUESTION)
A Explain in detail about the symptoms of damping off, causal organism and their management in vegetable crops.
A - Symptoms of Damping Off in Vegetable Crops:
1. Root decay of stems at or near the soil line.
2. Mold growth at the soil line.
3. Stunted young seedlings.
4. Leaves and seedling stems show discoloration and rot.
5. Rotting of young seedlings around the crown region, leading to softening of tissue, wilting, and falling over of plants.
Causal Organisms of Damping Off in Vegetable Crops:
• Damping-off can be caused by various fungi, including Rhizoctonia species (spp.), Fusarium spp., or fungus-like organisms called oomycetes.
Pythium aphanidermatum is a common causal organism, characterized by non-septate, hyaline mycelium and bi-flagellated zoospores.
Management of Damping Off in Vegetable Crops:
1. Sanitize all seed trays, pots, flats, and other equipment to lower pathogen inoculum levels.
2. Store equipment in a clean location when not in use to prevent contamination.
3. Use proven organic techniques to manage damping-off, such as proper soil drainage and avoiding overwatering.
4. Monitor and control environmental conditions like humidity and soil moisture to create less favorable conditions for pathogens.
5. Implement crop rotation practices to reduce the buildup of pathogens in the soil.
6. Consider using fungicides as a last resort if damping-off persists despite
B Give the symptom of wheat rust and its favorable conditions and management
A - Symptoms of Wheat Rust:
Stripe Rust (Yellow Rust):
Mainly occur on leaves than the leaf sheaths and stem.
Yellow to orange-yellow stripes on leaves.
Pustules of stripe rust visible.
Leaf Rust:
Attacks foliage only.
Dusty, reddish-orange to reddish-brown fruiting bodies on leaf surface.
Raised orange-brown pustules on leaves.
Favorable Conditions for Wheat Rust Development:
Temperature: Ranging from 59 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit.
Humidity: Warm and humid climates.
Duration: At least six hours of favorable conditions for disease development.
Management Strategies for Wheat Rust:
Regular Monitoring: Farmers should monitor signs of disease incidence.
Preventive Measures: Implement practices to prevent rust development.
Fungicides: Use fungicides judiciously when necessary.
Remove Volunteer Plants: Eliminate volunteer wheat plants to reduce disease spread.
Cleanliness: Maintain clean equipment and surroundings to minimize pathogen survival.
A Describe the symptoms and management of leaf spot in rose.
A - Symptoms of Leaf Spot in Rose:
Typically, a rapidly enlarging purplish or black patch appears on the upper leaf surface.
Diffuse and radiating strands of the fungus may be visible.
Small purplish areas develop initially, which later turn necrotic and increase in size.
Adjacent areas to the black spots turn yellow, leading to premature leaf drop.
Symptoms often start at the bottom of the plant and progress upwards.
Management of Leaf Spot in Rose:
Remove Diseased Leaves: As soon as symptoms are noticed, remove and dispose of the affected leaves.
Keep Foliage Dry: Minimize moisture on leaves to prevent fungal spore germination and spread.
Fungicide Treatment: Begin active treatments with fungicides like Daconil® at the first sign of disease to control leaf spot.
Regular Monitoring: Check plants regularly for any signs of leaf spot development.
Pruning: Prune affected areas to improve air circulation and reduce humidity around the plant.
Avoid Overhead Watering: Water at the base of the plant to prevent splashing of fungal spores.
Plant Hygiene: Keep the area around the rose plant clean and free from debris to reduce disease pressure.
B Explain in detail apple scab.
A - How can I help?
Write about albugo candida.\
Albugo candida is a plant pathogen known as the white rust fungus. Here are some key points about Albugo candida:
Classification: Albugo candida belongs to the Oomycota phylum, which are fungus-like organisms often referred to as water molds.
Hosts: It infects a wide range of plants, including cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage, broccoli, and radish.
Symptoms: Infected plants show white, powdery pustules on the leaves, stems, and other parts. These pustules contain spores and can lead to yellowing and wilting of the plant.
Life Cycle: Albugo candida has a complex life cycle involving both sexual and asexual reproduction. It produces spores that can spread through wind, water, and contact.
Disease Spread: The white rust fungus can survive in plant debris and soil for extended periods, contributing to its ability to infect new plantings.
Management: Controlling Albugo candida involves practices such as crop rotation, planting resistant varieties, managing humidity levels, and using fungicides if necessary.
Impact: Severe infections of Albugo candida can lead to reduced yields and quality of crops, making it a concern for farmers and gardeners.
Research: Scientists continue to study Albugo candida to understand its biology, genetics, and interactions with host plants in order to develop better strategies for disease management.
Overall, Albugo candida is a significant pathogen of cruciferous plants, causing economic losses in agriculture and requiring integrated management approaches to minimize its impact on crops.
Explain in detail about the symptoms of damping off, causal organism and their management in vegetable crops.
Symptoms of Damping Off in Vegetable Crops:
Root decay of stems at or near the soil line.
Mold growth at the soil line.
Stunted young seedlings.
Leaves and seedling stems show discoloration and rot.
Rotting of young seedlings around the crown region, leading to softening of tissue, wilting, and falling over of plants.
Causal Organisms of Damping Off in Vegetable Crops:
Damping-off can be caused by various fungi, including Rhizoctonia species (spp.), Fusarium spp., or fungus-like organisms called oomycetes.
Pythium aphanidermatum is a common causal organism, characterized by non-septate, hyaline mycelium and bi-flagellated zoospores.
Management of Damping Off in Vegetable Crops:
Sanitize all seed trays, pots, flats, and other equipment to lower pathogen inoculum levels.
Store equipment in a clean location when not in use to prevent contamination.
Use proven organic techniques to manage damping-off, such as proper soil drainage and avoiding overwatering.
Monitor and control environmental conditions like humidity and soil moisture to create less favorable conditions for pathogens.
Implement crop rotation practices to reduce the buildup of pathogens in the soil.
Consider using fungicides as a last resort if damping-off persists despite preventive measures.
By understanding the symptoms, causal organisms, and effective management strategies for damping off in vegetable crops, growers can take proactive steps to protect their plants and minimize the impact of this disease on their crops.
Give the symptom of wheat rust and its favorable conditions and management
Symptoms of Wheat Rust:
Stripe Rust (Yellow Rust):
Mainly occur on leaves than the leaf sheaths and stem.
Yellow to orange-yellow stripes on leaves.
Pustules of stripe rust visible.
Leaf Rust:
Attacks foliage only.
Dusty, reddish-orange to reddish-brown fruiting bodies on leaf surface.
Raised orange-brown pustules on leaves.
Favorable Conditions for Wheat Rust Development:
Temperature: Ranging from 59 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit.
Humidity: Warm and humid climates.
Duration: At least six hours of favorable conditions for disease development.
Management Strategies for Wheat Rust:
Regular Monitoring: Farmers should monitor signs of disease incidence.
Preventive Measures: Implement practices to prevent rust development.
Fungicides: Use fungicides judiciously when necessary.
Remove Volunteer Plants: Eliminate volunteer wheat plants to reduce disease spread.
Cleanliness: Maintain clean equipment and surroundings to minimize pathogen survival.
By understanding the symptoms, favorable conditions, and effective management strategies for wheat rust, farmers can proactively protect their crops and minimize the impact of this disease on wheat production.
Describe the symptoms and management of leaf spot in rose.
Symptoms of Leaf Spot in Rose:
Typically, a rapidly enlarging purplish or black patch appears on the upper leaf surface.
Diffuse and radiating strands of the fungus may be visible.
Small purplish areas develop initially, which later turn necrotic and increase in size.
Adjacent areas to the black spots turn yellow, leading to premature leaf drop.
Symptoms often start at the bottom of the plant and progress upwards.
Management of Leaf Spot in Rose:
Remove Diseased Leaves: As soon as symptoms are noticed, remove and dispose of the affected leaves.
Keep Foliage Dry: Minimize moisture on leaves to prevent fungal spore germination and spread.
Fungicide Treatment: Begin active treatments with fungicides like Daconil® at the first sign of disease to control leaf spot.
Regular Monitoring: Check plants regularly for any signs of leaf spot development.
Pruning: Prune affected areas to improve air circulation and reduce humidity around the plant.
Avoid Overhead Watering: Water at the base of the plant to prevent splashing of fungal spores.
Plant Hygiene: Keep the area around the rose plant clean and free from debris to reduce disease pressure.
By understanding the symptoms and implementing effective management strategies for leaf spot in roses, gardeners can protect their plants and promote healthy growth.
Explain in detail apple scab
Apple scab is a common fungal disease that affects apple trees, caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis. Here is a detailed explanation of apple scab:
Symptoms of Apple Scab:
Small spots on the underside of young leaves or as spots on either surface of older leaves.
Lesions on older leaves that may appear as velvety, green to olive-brown areas.
Corky, brown scabs on apple fruit.
Yellowing of leaves and early defoliation in severe cases.
Causal Organism:
The causal agent of apple scab is the hemibiotrophic fungus Venturia inaequalis.
Favorable Conditions for Apple Scab Development:
Cool, wet spring weather is most conducive for apple scab.
Warm, rainy weather in spring and summer creates ideal conditions.
Temperatures between 77 and 86 °F (25–30 °C) and wet conditions favor infection.
Management Strategies for Apple Scab:
Fungicides: Several fungicides like fixed copper, sulfur, and copper soaps can be used for control.
Sanitation: Remove fallen leaves to reduce scab carryover.
Cultural Practices: Plant disease-resistant varieties and practice proper timing of sprays.
Post-infection Sprays: Apply protective sprays to prevent infection.
A Explain about symptom of, leaf curl and mosaic of potato.
A - Symptoms of Leaf Curl in Potato:
Leaf Deformation: Leaves exhibit curling or rolling, which can be upward or downward.
Stunted Growth: Plants may exhibit stunted growth due to reduced photosynthesis.
Discoloration: Leaves may show discoloration, such as yellowing or bronzing.
Leaf Thickening: Leaves may become thickened or leathery in severe cases.
Reduced Yield: Severe leaf curling can lead to decreased yield due to reduced photosynthetic activity.
Symptoms of Mosaic Virus in Potato:
Mottling: Leaves develop a mosaic pattern with light and dark green patches.
Leaf Distortion: Leaves may become distorted, wrinkled, or puckered.
Reduced Growth: Infected plants may exhibit stunted growth.
Necrosis: Some leaves may show necrotic spots or streaks.
Tuber Malformation: In severe cases, tubers can be deformed or have internal brown streaks.
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