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 Silviculture :-  silviculture is the science and art of growing and cultivating forest  crops , based on a knowledge of silvics (the study of the life-history ). The focus of silviculture is the control, establishment and management of forest stands. GroveStudies Objective of silviculture !! Control crop composition and production of species of more economic value. Afforestation of blank and under stock area Production of quality Timber Facilitate management and use of forest Creation of man made forest. Silviculture relation with other branches of forestry. It is the same relation with the forestry as Agronomy has with agriculture. Agronomy and silviculture deals with the cultivation of crops agriculture Forestry and also with their protection, management, measures marketing, etc. Agro forestry :-  Agroforestry any sustainable land use system that maintains or increase total yield by combining food crops with tree crops and Livestock on the same unit of land. Benefits of agroforestr

  GroveStudies   What is irrigation ?  Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil. Irrigation is the agricultural process of applying control amount of water to the land to assist in the production crops as well as grow landscape plants. Agriculture that does not use Irrigation but instead relying only on direct rainfall is referred to as rain fed. Benefits of irrigations :-  Increasing crop yield  protection from famine  cultivation of superior crops  elimination of mixed cropping economic development  Hydropower generation  domestic and industrial water supply. Method of irrigation :-  1. Surface irrigation :-   - uncontrolled flood/ Flood Method  - border strip method - check Method  - basin method  - Forrow Method 2. Subsurface irrigation  3. sprinkler irrigation  4. trickle (drip) irrigation 🔑 Key Points ;-  Seepage :-.  Horizontal flow of water in channel is called seepage. Percolation:-   vertical movement of water in soil ,downward movement of water

  GroveStudies Growth and development !!  What is Growth ?  Growth can be defined as irreversible permanent increase in size of an organ or its part of even of individual cells. Types of growth / stages of growth :-  1. Vegetative growth :-  the early growth of plant producing date stamp and branches without power is called vegetative growth. 2. Reproductive growth :-  After the vegetative growth plant produce flowers which is the reproductive part of plant this is called reproductive growth phase. Growth curve sigmoid growth curve !?  It is an s-shaped curve obtained when we plot growth against time.  It is also called sigmoid growth curve.  mainly shows four phases of growth :-  1. Initial slow growth. ( Lag Phase).  2. Derive a period of growth log phase grand period of growth exponential phase where maximum growth is seen in short period.  3. The diminishing face were growth will slow . 4. Stationary/steady phase where finally growth stop. GroveStudies What is development ? It is

 Herbicides :-  Chemical method of meet control is very effective in certain cases and use great score provided the herbicides are cheap efficient and easily available.  The chemical used for killing weeds or inhibiting the growth of weights are called herbicides Classification of Herbicides :-   Based on Method of application :-  i) Soil applied herbicides: Herbicide act through root and other underground parts of weeds.e.g. Fluchloralin ii) Foliage applied herbicides : Herbicide primarily active on the plant foliage e.g.Glyphosate, Paraquat. Based on Mode of action :-  i) Selective herbicide: A herbicide is considered as selective when in a mixed growth of plant species, it kills some species without injuring the others.e.g. Atrazine ii) Non-selective herbicide: It destroys majority of treated vegetatione.g. Paraquat Based on mobility :-  i) Contact herbicide: A contact herbicide kills those plant parts with which it comes in direct contact e.g. Paraquat ii) Translocated herbicide/S

  GroveStudies Production Agronomy :-  Contents ;- Weeds classification  Loss and gain of weeds  Weed Contents  Water use efficiency Herbicides  Advantages and disadvantage  Growth and development Irrigation And different methods  Drip and Sprinkler ----------------------------------------------- What is Weed?  Weeds may be defined as the unwanted and undesirable plant which interfere with the utilisation of land and water resources and adversely affect human welfare the term Veda was firstly used by Jethro Tull. According to their economic importance of weeds :-  Relative weeds :-  unwanted plant which has some economic importance but called weeds because these are grown out of their places.  Example:- cynodon dactylon. Absolute weeds :-  unwanted plant which has no economic value and growing out of their proper place.   Ex :- euphorbia hirta. Losses caused by weeds :-  Weeds compete with the crop for their growth factors :-  The greatest loss caused by the wheat resulted from their

GroveStudies Join Telegram Channel :-  GroveStudies Horticulture  Content :-   HORTICULTURE PGR  Manure and fertilizers  cropping system  mulching  importance and scope of horticulture  irrigation  training and pruning method  classification of horticulture based on raising stablishment of Orchard  kitchen garden merits and demerits  branches of horticulture  factor affecting in horticulture. HORTICULTURE ;-  Horticulture is the art of cultivating plants in gardens to produce food and medicinal ingredients, or for comfort and ornamental purposes.  HORTICULTURE are agriculturists who grow flowers, fruits and nuts, vegetables and herbs, as well as ornamental trees and lawns. Scope of Horticulture:-  Horticulture crops produce a higher yield per hectare than field crops.Horticulture crops are extremely valuable because of their high nutritional value. Fruits and vegetables, in particular, provide us with a lot of vitamins and minerals. Horticulture is very important because it improves th

  GroveStudies Production: Contents :-  Profile soil  Soil pollution  Soil Genesis   Classification of soil water important  Factor affecting of soil water  Soil air important  Humus  Soil organic matter  Soil temperature important and control Benefit of soil organism and harmful effect . ? SOIL PROFILE    The soil profile may be defined as a vertical section of soil from the surface down to the hard rock from  which the soil is formed (or the vertical section of the soil showing the various layers from the surface to the   unaffected parent material (bed rock) is known as a soil profile). SOIL POLLUTION Soil pollution is defined as the presence of toxic chemicals (pollutants or contaminants) in soil, in high enough concentrations to pose a risk to human health and/or the ecosystem. Causes of Soil Pollution :- Seepage from landfill . discharge of industrial waste into soil  Rupture of underground storage tanks  Access application of pesticides herbicides of fertilizers solid wastes   d

 Crop Physiology Important Points Unit 2 Content  Nutrient Deficiency  Photosynthesis -  C3 Cycle  C4 Cycle  Light Reaction  Respiration  PGR - Except - Absesic and Ethiline 

Biochemistry Unit 2 Important Points  CONTENT ;-   Nucleic Acid  B DNA  types of RNA  Structure DNA by Halzon Quick  T RNA  Glycolysis  Kreb Cycle  Oxidation and Biosynthesis of Fat Metabolism  Balance sheet of Glycolysis , C4 , C3 and CAM  Enzymes  -- Nucleic Acids  Nucleic acids are occurring chemical compound that serve as the primary information carrying molecules in cell and make up the genetic material. Nucleic acid are found in abundance in a living things where they can create encode and the store information of every living cell of every life form on earth. There are two types of Nucleic Acid :-  DNA  (Deoxyribonuclic acid) RNA ( Ribonucleic Acid)   DNA :-   DNA is a group of molecule that is responsible for carrying and transmitting the heredity materials on the genetic instruction from parent to offspring. RNA : -  RNA stands for ribonucleic Acid which is a long single stranded chain of the cell processes  protein. An example of iron h is a chain of cell that carries genetic

 Unit - 2     Click  Protein and Hemoglobin  to see notes. in form of Pdf.    Join Our Telegram Channel -  Grovestudies WHAT IS PROTEIN ?  Proteins are very large molecules composed of basic units is called Amino acids.  In addition, to containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen amino acids contains nitrogen.  Proteins are highly complex molecules that are actively involved in the most basic and important aspects of life.  These include metabolism, movement , defense, cellular communication, and molecular recognition.  CLASSIFCATION OF PROTEINS  On the basis of composition proteins are classified as simple or conjugated.  Simple proteins  sserum albumin , contains only amino acid.  In contrast, conjugated proteins consists of a simple proteins combined with a non protein component. This non protein part is called Prosthetic group.  Conjugated proteins without prosthetic group is called apoprotein. Derived Proteins – these are proteins derived by partial complete hydrolysis from the simple

Click -   Unit 2 amino acid  to see the ppt of Notes   Join  Grovestudies  Channel for more .... Amino Acid  Amino acid are molecules that combines to form proteins. Amino acids and proteins are building blocks of life.  Amino acid contains the basic amino acids (-NH2), carboxyl group (-cooH) , hydrogen atom and r group (distinctive side chain)all bonded to a carbon atom, namely the Alpha carbon.  All amino acids , except proline, have the same general structure.  More than 300 amino acids are present in the cell, however, only 22 amino acids participates in the protein synthesis ribosomically.  GENERAL PROPERTIES OF AMINO ACIDS:-  They have a very high melting and boiling points.  Amino acids are white crystalline solid substances.  In tastes, few amino acids are sweet , tasteless and bitter.  Most of the amino acids are soluble in water are insoluble in organic solvents.  BASED ON NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS ;- Essential Amino acids –  amino acid that cannot be synthesized by the human