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 GroveStudies Production: Cache memory Cache memory, also called cache, supplementary memory system that temporarily stores frequently used instructions and data for quicker processing by the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. Levels of memory: Level 1 or Register – It is a type of memory in which data is stored and accepted that are immediately stored in CPU. Most commonly used register is accumulator, Program counter, address register etc. Level 2 or Cache memory – It is the fastest memory which has faster access time where data is temporarily stored for faster access. Level 3 or Main Memory – It is memory on which computer works currently. It is small in size and once power is off data no longer stays in this memory. Level 4 or Secondary Memory – It is external memory which is not as fast as main memory but data stays permanently in this memory. The performance of cache memory is frequently measured in terms of a quantity called Hit ratio. Hit ratio = hit / (hit + miss) =

 GroveStudies Production: Computer Memory The computer memory holds the data and instructions needed to process raw data and produce output. The computer memory is divided into large number of small parts known as cells. Each cell has a unique address which varies from 0 to memory size minus one. Computer memory is of two types: Volatile (RAM) and Non-volatile (ROM). The secondary memory (hard disk) is referred as storage not memory. But, if we categorize memory on behalf of space or location, it is of four types: Register memory Cache memory Primary memory Secondary memory Register Memory Register memory is the smallest and fastest memory in a computer.A register temporarily holds frequently used data, instructions, and memory address that are to be used by CPU. They hold instructions that are currently processed by the CPU. All data is required to pass through registers before it can be processed. So, they are used by CPU to process the data entered by the users. Registers hold a sma

GroveStudies Production: Hardware  computer hardware is the physical components that a computer system requires to function. It encompasses everything with a circuit board that operates within a PC or laptop; including the motherboard, graphics card, CPU (Central Processing Unit), ventilation fans, webcam, power supply. Software Software, which is abbreviated as SW or S/W, is a set of programs that enables the hardware to perform a specific task. All the programs that run the computer are software. The software can be of three types: system software, application software, and programming software. 1) System Software The system software is the main software that runs the computer. When you turn on the computer, it activates the hardware and controls and coordinates their functioning. The application programs are also controlled by system software. An operating system is an example of system software. i) Operating System: An operating system is the system software that works as an interf

Grovestudies Production :-  1. V.V. Dakuchaev and associates investigated unique horizontal layer in the soil that were associated with different combination of climate, vegetation and underlying soil materials. 2.  Pedology refers to the study of the origin of soil in their natural environment. 3. The pH is negative logarithm of the concentration (activity) of h+ ions in the soil solution. 4. Clay and humus have a large surface area per unit weight due to their extremely small particle size. 5. Vegetative cover reduces the natural soil erosion rate there by slowly down the rate of mineral soil removal. 6. Soil genesis is caused by weathering and breaking down of organic matter translocation (one place to another) and accumulation. 7. A vertical exposure of origin sequence is known as soil profile. 8.  Alfisol soils are mostly high in respect of their fertility and are used either fertility and are used either as crop land or forest or rengeland. 9. The soil texture is not changed by

GroveStudies Production: Flame of the Forest !!  Scientific name:- Butea monosperma Family : Fabaceae Order : Fabales Kingdom : Plantae Flame of the Forest ! पलाश एक वृक्ष है जिसके फूल बहुत ही आकर्षक होते हैं। इसके आकर्षक फूलों के कारण इसे "जंगल की आग" भी कहा जाता है। पलाश का फूल उत्तर प्रदेश का राज्य पुष्प है और इसको 'भारतीय डाकतार विभाग' द्वारा डाक टिकट पर प्रकाशित कर सम्मानित किया जा चुका है।प्राचीन काल से ही होली के रंग इसके फूलो से तैयार किये जाते रहे है। It is used for timber, resin, fodder, medicine, and dye.

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Organic Farming :-   “Organic agriculture can be defined as: an integrated farming system that strives for sustainability, the enhancement of soil fertility and biological diversity whilst, with rare exceptions, prohibiting synthetic pesticides, antibiotics, synthetic fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, and growth hormones”.  Organic farming is an alternative agricultural system which originated early in the 20th century in reaction to rapidly changing farming practices.  It relies on fertilizers of organic origin such as compost, manure, green manure, and bone meal and places emphasis on techniques such as crop rotation and companion planting. Farming system: Farming system is a resource management strategy to achieve economic and sustained agricultural production to meet diverse requirements of farm livelihood while preserving resource base and maintaining a high level of environment quality.  Conservation Agriculture:   Conservation Agriculture it is a way of farming that

Crops   A crop is "a plant or animal or plant or animal product that can be grown and harvested extensively for profit or subsistence."  Crop may refer either to the harvested parts or to the harvest in a more refined state (husked, shelled, etc.). Most crops are cultivated in agriculture or aquaculture.  Most crops are harvested as food for humans or livestock (fodder crops). Classification of Crop Plants:  Importance of classifying the Crop Plants: To get acquainted with crops.   To understand the requirement of soil & water different crops. To know adaptability of crops . To know the growing habit of crops.   To understand climatic requirement of different crops.  To know the economic produce of the crop plant & its use. Classification based on climate:  Tropical:  Crops grow well in warm & hot climate. E.g. Rice, sugarcane, Jowar etc . Temperate:  Crops grow well in cool climate. E.g. Wheat, Oats, Gram, Potato etc. Classification Based on growing season:  

 Weather Harvesting and irrigation developments during different periods – water storage – distribution and relevance to modern agriculture. The need for continuous supply of water for irrigation whether from canal, well, pond or lake is realized as the most important for agriculture in ancient period.  The different irrigation principles adopted in ancient period are :    Construction of large mud embankment on a stone foundation for diverting flood water.   Bulding of small tanks.    Severe penalty was imposed when water is let out other than sluice gate.    Extensive tank irrigation systems were adopted in Sri Lanka and later in South India.  Methods of conserving rain water In ancient days itself, people, especially Indians, know the methods of conservation of rain water.  The various methods of rainwater harvesting are classified below under two category,  Traditional and Modern methods.  Traditional rainwater harvesting, which is still prevalent in rural areas, was done in

Kautilya Arthashastra Kautilya (also known as Vishnugupta or Chanakya) (321-296 BC) was a great scholar of time. He wrote a treatise titled, Artha-sastra, which deals with the management of resources. During this time agriculture, cattle breeding and trade were grouped into a science called varta. eg. i) Supply of good seeds and other inputs ii) Provision of irrigation water iii) prediction of rainfall by IMD iv) Assistance in purchase of machineries v) Marketing and safe storage. He suggested many important aspects in agriculture which are highly relevant today. The superintendent of agriculture should be a person who is knowledgeable in agriculture and horticulture. Anticipation of labours by land owners before sowing.  Timely sowing is very important for high yield particularly for rainfed sowing for which, all the implements and accessories have to be kept ready.

 HERITAGE :  Inherited values carried from one generation to other generation. AGRICULTURAL HERITAGE :  Values and traditional practices adopted in ancient India which are more relevant for present day system. History denotes the continuous record of past events, where as heritage indicates the inherited values carried from one generation to other generation. Agricultural heritage denotes the values and traditional practices adopted in ancient India, which are more relevant for present day system. Agriculture:-  The term agriculture is derived from the two Latin words: Ager - Soil Cultura- Cultivation Hence, Cultivation of soil is called agriculture.  So  Agriculture means production of crops for economic purposes by cultivation of land. In relation to crop and livestock farming, the term agriculture may be define as ‘ the art and sciences of growing plants and other crops and raising of animals for food, other human needs or economic gain’. Role of Indian Agriculture on Economy ;-

Join Telegram Grovestudies group For  More .... HORTICULTURE ;-  Horticulture is the art of cultivating plants in gardens to produce food and medicinal ingredients, or for comfort and ornamental purposes.  HORTICULTURE are agriculturists who grow flowers, fruits and nuts, vegetables and herbs, as well as ornamental trees and lawns. Scope of Horticulture:-  Horticulture crops produce a higher yield per hectare than field crops.Horticulture crops are extremely valuable because of their high nutritional value. Fruits and vegetables, in particular, provide us with a lot of vitamins and minerals. Horticulture is very important because it improves the beauty of the environment. Crop varieties with a wide variety of applications are available in the Horticulture section. Horticultural crops benefit the environment by minimizing waste, conserving soil and water, Different branches of horticulture are :-  Pomology: It is the scientific study of fruit crops. Olericulture: It deals with the stud

 GroveStudies Production: MAkrup Exam Preparation Solution 3A.  the system of social differentiation create social position which are gradually accounting to rank, this hierarchy of rank formulise status. As in the case social stratification, this tendency is characteristics of all societies, it is called society stratification.  'Social stratification is the division of society in permanent groups of categories linkedwith each other by relationship of superiority and subordination'  2. 'Social stratification is a horizontal division of society in to higher and lower social unit'  Types of Social stratification  1. Estate 2. Caste 3. Class  1. Estate: Based on family's relation to land-Zamindar and Servent or we can say DAS  2. Caste: Brahman-Khatriya-Vaishya-Sudra. In this systemstatus is described at birth.  3. Class: A class is any portion of community marked off from the rest by social status the social level is defined in terms of wealth. 3B.  4 A.  Factors of

 GroveStudies Production: 2A. Roles of leader in Agricultural Extension 1. They coordinate the efforts of the group to achieve its goals. 2. They establish proper social climate in the group 3. Leaders assists the group to organize themselves 4. The promote thee spared of messages of extension programme 5. They act as demonstrator for the innovations 6. They create inner and intra group coordination 7. They help in planning and execution of development programmme 8. They encourage other for action 9. They develop self confidence among members 10. They create favorable climate for introducing development programmes. 11. They act as model for members 12. They support and motivate others to make efforts to realize their needs. 2B. Nature of social change 1. Only such changes are designated as social change that affects the bulk of the community. 2. Social change is a universal process. It is founded in all societies and all stages of social evolution. 3. Social change does not always depe

 Join Telegram Group GroveStudies.  Section A  GroveStudies Production: 1 A.   A cultivated plant that is grown on a large scale commercially, especially a cereal, fruit, or vegetable is called Crop. 1B.  Multistoried cropping are multi-layer cropping and multi-tire cropping. It is one kind of intercropping. Growing plants of different height in the same field at the same time. 1C. Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of different types of crops in the same area across a sequence of growing seasons. It reduces reliance on one set of nutrients, pest and weed pressure, and the probability of developing resistant pests and weeds. 1D.  In agriculture, monoculture is the practice of growing one crop species in a field at a time.  In agriculture, monocropping is the practice of growing a single crop year after year on the same land. Maize, soybeans, and wheat are three common crops often monocropped. Monocropping is also referred to as continuous cropping. 1E.  A passage dug in

 GroveStudies Production: Makeup Test Paper Solution 3.0 Q1. A.  Soil pH or soil reaction is an indication of acidity or alkalinity of soil and it measure in PH unit Q 1 B.  Humus is a complex and rather resistant mixture of brown or dark brown amorphous and colloidal organic substance that results from microbial decomposition and synthesis. chemical and physical properties of great significance to soils and plants Q1. C.  Buffer is a solution in which the mixture of acidic and basic molecules it is registered to change in pH known as buffer. Q1. D.  The constant movement of air in the soil mass resulting in the renewal of gases is known as soil aeration soil air contains gases like nitrogen Oxygen carbon dioxide and others. Q1. E.  Soil microorganisms are broadly defined as a group of microscopic life forms that include bacteria, archaea, viruses, and eukaryotes like fungi. Section B  GroveStudies Production: Q2. A.  Benefits of Soil organisms :-  Organic matter decomposition. • Inor